东台市工厂化育苗产业的发展现状及建议

东台地区顺应市场农业现代化发展需求，支持和推进瓜果蔬菜育苗产业化，已形成一定规模和技术体系，但也存在企业运营水平差异、缺乏专业技术培训、产业经营淡旺不均等问题；因此，要探讨加快工厂化育苗产业健康发展的途径和思路，尤其要构建质量与风险管控机制、创建个性化品牌、提升售后服务水平，旨在促进瓜果蔬菜育苗产业化经营的标准化、现代化。     

黑土区施加生物炭对土壤综合肥力与大豆生长的影响

为探明黑土区施加生物炭对土壤持水性能、土壤养分以及大豆生长的影响,以东北黑土区3°坡耕地田间径流小区为研究对象,进行为期4年的观测。按照生物炭施加量,2015年共设置C0(0 t/hm~2)、C25(25 t/hm~2)、C50(50 t/hm~2)、C75(75 t/hm~2)、C100(100 t/hm~2) 5个处理,2016—2018年分别连续施加等量的生物炭。结果表明:连续4年,0～60 cm土层土壤储水量随施炭量的增加呈先增大、后减小的趋势,而对60～100 cm土层土壤储水量影响不显著;连续4年,饱和含水率随施炭量的增加呈逐渐增大的趋势; 2015年田间持水率、凋萎系数随施炭量的增加呈逐渐增大趋势,2016—2018年呈先增加、后减小趋势;连续4年,施加生物炭提高了大豆各生育阶段的株高和叶面积,同期相对较优处理分别为C75、C50、C50、C25;连续4年,大豆冠层覆盖度与施炭量呈抛物线变化(R~2均在0. 89以上,P 0. 01),连续施加2年的C50处理各生育期提高量最大,与C0相比提高了81. 4%、36. 7%、31. 5%和39. 6%;连续4年,土壤pH值和有机质、速效钾含量随施炭量的增加呈逐渐升高趋势,碱解氮、有效磷含量呈先升高、后降低趋势,相对较优处理为C50、C50、C25、C25。采用改进的内梅罗指数模型计算的土壤综合肥力指数与产量呈正相关(R~2=0. 861 5,P=0. 001 2,RMSE为0. 75),土壤综合肥力水平最高的生物炭施用模式为连续2年施加50 t/hm~2的生物炭。     

Potato absorption and phytoavailability of Cd,Ni, Cu,Zn and Pb in sierozem soils amended with municipal sludge compost

Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost(MSC) on the solubility and plant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaCl_2, CH_3 COONH_4, CH_3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid(DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent(DTPA and EDTA) extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties(including organic matter, p H and DOC) have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.     

基于S基因序列分析新型猪流行性腹泻病毒的遗传演化

最近，笔者实验室在青藏高原地区发现两种新亚型藏猪源猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV），为进一步调查新型PEDV是否在四川腹泻猪群中存在或流行，对实验室2018-2019年保存的116份猪腹泻粪便或肠组织样本进行PEDV的检测及其纤突蛋白基因（spike）分子特征研究。结果表明：腹泻样本的PEDV检出率为42.2%（49/116，95% CI=33.1%~51.8%），并获得了13条完整的S基因序列，全长为4 149~4 170 bp，序列相似性为94.2%~99.9%，其中SWUN-H3-CH-SCYA-2019的S基因与藏猪源新G1亚群PEDV的序列相似性高达97.0%~98.6%。遗传演化研究结果表明13株PEDV S基因划分为G1和G2大群，其中SWUN-H3-CH-SCYA-2019位于藏猪源新G1亚群；SWUN-19-CH-SCZY-2018、SWUN-4-CH-SCXC-2018、SWUN-1-CH-SCNJ-2019和SWUN-3CH-CH-SCZG-2019位于G2亚群中一个独立的分支，且与藏猪源新G2亚群毒株有着较近的亲缘关系。为了进一步研究13株PEDV的演化过程，以贝叶斯进化分析软件包（BEAST）进行分歧时间估算，结果表明SWUN-H3-CH-SCYA-2019的分歧时间约为2012.3年，早于藏猪源新G1亚群其余毒株的最早分歧时间（2015.7年）；SWUN-4-CH-SCXC-2018、SWUN-19-CH-SCZY-2018和SWUN-3CH-CH-SCZG-2019的分歧时间约为2014.2年，早于G2亚群的藏猪源毒株2014.7年，所有藏猪源PEDV的分歧时间均晚于四川毒株。本研究在四川地区首次发现了藏猪源PEDV，并且从毒株的分歧时间推断青藏高原的藏猪源PEDV来源于四川，为新型PEDV分子遗传进化的监测提供了依据。     

Regional distribution of wheat yield and chemical fertilizer requirements in China

Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.     

137Cs-γ射线辐照对水稻品种发芽的影响

用137Cs-γ辐射剂量0～700 Gy对4个籼型、6个粳(糯)型水稻种子进行了辐照处理.结果显示,随着辐照剂量增加,不同类型的不同品种发芽情况出现差异,籼型品种金早47、中早39、浙香银针的半致死剂量为600 Gy左右;粳型品种秀水134、秀水519、浙沣糯188、浙糯106、浙粳96、宁81的致死剂量为700 Gy左右.辐照剂量对水稻种子发芽率有显著影响,且粳型品种比籼型品种敏感.     

24个古蔺牛皮茶新品系生化成分及遗传多样性分析

为挖掘四川高茶多酚、高儿茶素等特色资源,以24个古蔺牛皮茶新品系为研究对象,对其生化成分和遗传多样性进行分析.结果表明:供试品系新梢水浸出物、茶多酚、儿茶素总量分别为35.03％±0.20％ ～47.81％±0.07％、27.24％±0.18％ ～37.52％±0.85％、17.13％±0.89％ ～27.09％±0.61％,其中5个新品系EGCG含量大于150 mg/g;10对引物共检测到40个等位基因,群体内等位基因频率平均为0.541,多态信息含量平均值为0.5259,基因多样性指数平均值为0.5753;基于遗传距离进行聚类,24个新品系可聚为三类.综上,24个牛皮茶新品系生化内含物丰富、遗传多样性高,且具有高水浸出物、高茶多酚、高儿茶素的资源,特别是高EGCG资源,具有较大特色品种选育潜力.     

多效唑对杂交中稻不同密肥群体产量和抗倒伏性的影响

为探究高产稻田中防止倒伏发生的早期诊断技术,2015-2016年,以大面积推广的杂交中稻高产新品种蓉18优1015为试验材料,设计3因素完全因子试验,研究不同密肥群体下喷施多效唑对稻谷产量和抗倒伏性的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量和移栽密度的增加,稻谷产量提高,植株抗倒力下降,以施氮量150 kg·hm^-2和移栽密度18.75 万穴·hm^-2的产量较高。不同密肥群体下施用多效唑对产量和植株抗倒伏性有显著影响,施用多效唑后植株抗倒力增强,但产量因穗粒数下降而减少。不同密肥处理下施用多效唑对产量影响各异。于水稻最高苗期施用多效唑使植株重心高度、弯曲力矩、倒伏指数显著降低,折断弯矩则明显提高,穗粒数平均减少5.24~7.87粒。多效唑对产量的影响表现为低施氮量下因穗粒数减少而减产;中施氮量下产量差异不显著;高施氮量下植株未倒伏、籽粒灌浆结实正常,因结实率和千粒重高而增产。综上所述,肥力水平和施氮量高的稻田于最高苗期施用多效唑有利于水稻产量提高和控制后期倒伏。本研究为指导大面积水稻高产稳产提供了科学依据。     

透气隔水埋体对土壤水分入渗与溶质运移的影响

为分析透气隔水(弱透水)埋体促进水分入渗与溶质运移功效,开展了不同容重(1.40,1.45,1.50,1.60 g/cm~3)透气隔水(弱透水)埋体的一维垂直土柱入渗试验,分析了不同容重的透气隔水(弱透水)埋体对土壤水分入渗与溶质分布的影响。结果表明,透气隔水(弱透水)埋体能够增加土壤累积入渗量,推动湿润锋运移,在一定范围内,随着透气隔水(弱透水)埋体容重增加,湿润锋推进速度与土壤入渗率均增加。600 min时,土壤累积入渗量相对增加7.42%～29.17%,湿润锋深度达到27 cm,入渗时间相对减少26.97%～64.27%。相比于对照组,不同容重的透气隔水(弱透水)埋体均能降低溶质向深层土壤迁移数量。Philip模型和代数模型均能描述透气隔水(弱透水)埋体土壤水分入渗过程,且Philip模型中吸渗率S和代数模型中综合形状系数α均与透气隔水(弱透水)埋体内外容重比呈正相关关系。研究结果表明透气隔水(弱透水)埋体能够通过改变上层土壤吸力分布提高水分入渗能力与溶质传输效率,实现对城市雨水径流调控和净化。     

SiO2纳米颗粒对黄瓜“新唐山秋瓜”幼苗根系 解剖结构和气体交换的影响

硅是地壳内含量第二丰富的元素。近年来,人们开始探索硅的纳米材料在农业领域的运用。为更好地将二氧化硅纳米颗粒应用于园艺植物生产,以黄瓜栽培品种新唐山秋瓜(Cucumissativuscv."QiuguaofNew Tangshan")为材料,采用盆栽的方式研究不同施入量下(0、5、10和20m L)浓度为30%的二氧化硅溶液对黄瓜根系解剖结构、根毛形成、黄瓜叶片光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数以及气体交换的影响。结果表明,二氧化硅纳米颗粒对黄瓜的根系解剖结构并没有显著的影响,但对根毛形成的影响较大,在每盆20m L二氧化硅溶液条件下的根毛密度最高。施入不同量的二氧化硅溶液对黄瓜叶片光合色素含量均有提高但并不明显,且在较低施入浓度下,光合作用机制得到一定的提高。黄瓜叶片的净光合速率随着二氧化硅施入量的增加逐渐增加,但施入量对蒸腾速率的影响不明显。综上,二氧化硅纳米颗粒通过促进根毛形成以及提高净光合速率能够提高植物的生长机理,进而促进植物生长和产量的提高,将其运用于农业生产及园艺作物生产上具有广阔前景。